The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray Essay Example

The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray Paper THE COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE CUSTOM OF THE WARAY J. Colima Bajado The Philippines as a whole abounds in quaint marriage customs and traditions. Written literatures from Fr. Pedro Chirino (1590s), Blair and Robertson, to Gregorio Zaide describe the pre-Spanish marriage customs of the Philippines. More writers like Fay Cooper Cole, John Finley, C. R. Moss and John Garvan have written on the courtship and marriage rituals of the various tribes in the country. On the marriage customs of the Warays, some vernacular writers like Iluminado Lucente and Juan Ricacho have written plays portraying the marriage customs and practices of the region. Younger generations in the Samar-Leyte region may not even know how their great grandfathers won the hands of their great grannies, in relation to the present  Ã¢â‚¬Å"wer na u, dito na me†Ã‚  trend. The Illiterate Way of Courtship We will write a custom essay sample on The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This kind of courtship has been practiced until the early 1900s. According to the narrations of Msgr. Alberto Almarines (1960s), illiterate young men in the rural areas, particularly in the hinterland sitios, observe this way of courtship passed to them by their great grandparents. Since they cannot read and write, actions, signs, signals, and even mimicries are flashed as costumarily understood to mean love. The man takes out an  inarmidol (crisply starched) white handkerchief and waves it to the woman, who could only give concealed glances. Then the man will kiss the handkerchief and put it over his chest. This is done when the young man does not have the chance to talk to the girl. If the girl accepts the love offered, she smiles and nods. When she frowns, she declines the offered affection. And when her face is expressionless, she does not yet know the answer. When she accepts, the man will then ask her hand for marriage. When she shows indifference, he will either wait for the ight time or simply forget her. The Kulalisi Courtship This type of courtship commences as a game, and concludes for real. Kulalisi  (sometimes spelledculalisi), is a game played after the nightly prayer for nine days of  lamay  (wake). Unmarried men and women gather in the house of the deceased to say the prayers, after which, the kulasisi game follows to console the bereaved family. The kulalisi game is a battle of wits between men and women. One of the elders in the house will act as  Hadi  (king) that will pair a man and a woman suspected or teased as sweethearts. The challenge to a  luwa  (verse) is cast by one who wins the draw using a shell called  buskay. Then the â€Å"luwa† or battle of words (somewhat like Balagtasan), and rhymes, and debates starts. If the challenger is a man and the challenged woman fails to outwit him, the reward is a â€Å"make-believe† marriage solemnized by the Hadi. If the man is outwitted by the woman, he becomes the woman’s slave and will do whatever the woman desires to let him do, for that night. Most of the â€Å"married† pairs in  culalisi  games become real partners for life. This kind of courtship has been commonly practiced up to the early 1900s. Tthe courtship through Panharana (Serenading) Wooing a woman by  panharana  is commonly practiced in the whole region up to the late 1990s; some even still practice this in other parts of the region, like Maydolong, Eastern Samar, up today. Serenading is a time-honored way of expressing one’s love and adoration to the accompaniment of a guitar, violin or other string and wind instruments. Moonlight nights are the perfect time for serenade. A man sings  kundiman  (love song) that is rich in lyrical beauty, appreciation of nature and profound sentiment of affection. A suitor who knows how to play a guitar serenades his admired woman by himself, for this is a rapport in his singing of love songs. A group of men serenades when the suitor cannot accompany himself in singing his love songs. The song  Mituo Ako  (I Believe) is once a popular serenade song in the Cebuano speaking part of the region, while Iluminado Lucente’s  Gihilom Ko  (I Secretly Bear) in the Waray speaking parts. While  panharana  is still practiced today, the town of Dagami in the province of Leyte once regulated its practice in the 1960s due to some stealing events resulted from serenading. While some were singing, others were stealing chickens, and other things. Serenading was then allowed from ten to twelve in the evening only. The Balata Courtship This type of courtship is one of the queer ways of wooing. This traditional practice is resorted to by the rich families. This is very common especially in the â€Å"capital† of the different provinces of the region such as Tacloban, Carigara, Palo, Biliran, Ormoc, Catarman, Calbayog, Catbalogan, Maasin and Borongan. In  balata, the parents of the bride and the groom agree to have their children married in accordance with their arrangement. It is the custom of the upperclass families through their exclusive formed groups. They hold week-end parties among themselves by turns. In the midst of the merry making, especially when they are already a bit tipsy, the betrothal of their children takes place. Although often started as a joke, the  balata  eventually becomes a serious matter involving  amor propio  and  palabra de honor. Usually, it is the parents of the male child who makes the proposal to the parents of the girl to have their children married when they reach the marriageable age. They mutually plan and finance the wedding of their children, give equal dowries of property such as land, livestock, jewelry, and cash with which their children will start their married life. They also agree with the kind of wedding, the grandeur, and the bands to play music, and all other things to make the wedding memorable. The day of the wedding is usually scheduled on the day the boy reaches his sixteenth year. Not all  balata  betrothal are negotiated and agreed upon during drinking sprees. Most of â€Å"balatas† results from the desire of both parties to insure the economic and financial stability of their children. The parents keep the betrothal of their children to themselves until the time comes when it is necessary to reveal it to their children. The betrothed are warned that refusal to comply with their pledge will bring their families dishonor and disgrace and the wrath of heaven will fall on them. Choice by parents This kind of courtship deprives young lovers from their right to choose their partners. The parents select their children’s life partners. Wealth and character or â€Å"urbanidad† as the parents fondly stress are the factors their prospective sons and daughters-in-law should possess. The boy’s parents look around for the girls who meet their criteria. Their search for girls extends to other towns and places where their friends and acquaintances live. They mark their choices for observation and preliminary selection. The girls’ parents base their selection on the same grounds. Their children are simply informed of their plans and tell them to abide to it. Usually, three possible candidates are chosen, the other two are reserves or alternatives. When they arrive at a choice, the courting begins. Courting through the Parents Courting a woman through her parents is another way of wooing. In this type of courting, the young man picks the girl and enlists the help of her parents. This is often resorted to when the girl does not reciprocate the boy’s feeling, or when her parents are very jealous. The young man and his parents will befriend the girl’s parents. The young man do manual works in the house of the girl, serves the girl’s parents, and do everything to please them. He put his best foot forward to impress, and eventually, gain their admiration and sympathy. A Back to Back Overview Perchance, it is not really the type of courtship that matters, after all. It is the sound of love that makes two lovers dance in harmony to its tune. As Rachel Gordo Maravilla’s  siday  says: Bis’ anu pa iton nga kaporma, Bis’ pa it yinaknan nagkakairiba, Kay iton karuyag boot sidngon, Amo manta gihapon. Bisan hin-o ha bug-os nga kalibutan, Tanan masayaw, Kon tukran na an kasing-kasing Han sonata Han Gugma. J. Colima Bajado graduated from University of the Philippines Tacloban with the degree in Political Science. He writes more on the revival of Waray history and culture, and has been bestowed various awards in his writings. He is currently the Cultural Editor of Gahum Weekly.

HCA Final Paper Essay Example

HCA Final Paper Essay Example HCA Final Paper Essay HCA Final Paper Essay Many people tend to be blind when It comes down to the Issues at hand. I fall Into the statistic when It comes to being uninsured r not having enough coverage, it discourages people to seek the treatment that they need because they are scared of what is going to happen or if they are going to receive proper care like every other individual or treated differently because they dont have insurance or money to pay it can be as simple as not being able to afford the treatment itself. I chose this particular topic to write my final assignment because I can honestly say that I can relate to this issue and it is a serious problem that has been facing Americans for a while now. In this essay I plan on talking about everything there is to know about this issue hat has been facing the US today. We all know that people being uninsured or even undesired has been a serious issue for many years now, we will discuss the major problems that are related to this issue, I will give a full detailed history of this Issue we will start from the beginning I believe that It Is Important that people know where the issue started and see how far we have come, I will discuss this problem and I will also talk about this issue in another country other than the US, we need to find out if the problem is worse in the US or outside of the US. We will discuss the stakeholders hat are involved and what they have done to address the issue so far. I will be talking about the Patient Protection and Affordable care act of 2010 because I feel that it is an important topic with the subject that I have chosen. I will also provide my own personal recommendations on what I feel should be done in the future as well as what the stakeholders should do to make these recommendations successful. I know that this is very Important and is a subject that I can relate to because I myself have been uninsured for a long time. I would Like to share my own personal experience on the Issue at hand, I think that It Is Important to have a view from both sides. According too trans-union healthcare survey 97 percent of healthcare administrators, from 22 different hospitals in 15 different states stated that they have in an increase of bad debt and has caused straining on charity programs. It has become apparent that hospitals are working to ensure that they can balance a fine line between providing quality care while also being fiscally responsible. Rod Bazaar, Cot 20, 2008 P: 2836) We are finding that more and more hospitals are cooking to healthcare revenue cycles and financial products to decrease bad debt and match more uninsured patients with financial assistance (Rod Bazaar, Cot 20, 2008 P: 2836) I believe that this is not right because people cant afford health care but still need treatment so with the system they are being put further into debt than they were initially. We know that the history when it c omes to people being uninsured and undesired has been around for decades I want to show you the history behind trying to get healthcare passed. It was in the earlier 20th century during the regressive era President Theodore Roosevelt was the very first American president to stand up against the cause of health insurance his proposal was that every American would have health insurance this was opposed and defeated by the American Medical Association (AMA), It was then during the Great Depression and after world war II when President Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman again took on the task of universal health insurance, it was defeated again by the AMA a result of this was tax favored private insurance. In the civil rights era of the sasss President Lyndon Johnson secured passage of Medicare and Medicaid which would offer coverage to all senior citizens as well as some poor over the opposition of the AMA, the Federal government would administer Medicare for seniors and states would administer Medicaid for some of the poor. During the sasss, the national debates focused on the different visions to cover all Americans, offered by President Richard Nixon and Senator Ted Kennedy. President Onions efforts were built on the model of competitive private insurance relying on mandates on employers and individuals. It was supported by insurers and the AMA. His efforts were supported by organized labor. No compromise emerged, and both efforts failed. In the asss, President Bill Clinton developed a proposal to cover all Americans built on the managed competition approach, building coverage through a mandate on private employers and requirements that health insurers offer to all Americans regardless of their pre- existing conditions. These efforts failed. Again in 2006, Democrats in the Massachusetts legislature and then Governor Mitt Rooney agreed on a bi-partisan compromise combining employer, employee, government and individual responsibility. This was the blueprint for the Affordable Care Act that Congress considered, debated and ultimately approved. Lastly it was in March of 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act. It offers coverage for every American through employers, through the Exchanges and through Medicaid. It was supported by many unions, employers, insurers, doctors, hospitals, and drug manufacturers. It was opposed by some on the left because it was not single payer and did not contain the public option (Medicare) in the Exchange. It was opposed by some on the right because it was considered socialized medicine. Lucien Willis, 2012) I would have to say that we can see with the text above that many different Presidents on many different occasions have tried to stand up for the cause of health insurance for every American and they failed it wasnt until Just recently when the or the Obama Care was passed which allows people to get insurance not based on their pre-existing conditions. The P. P. A. C. A is considered to be a historic achievement given its history of trying to be passed on several different occasions by other presidents. (Cults, H. A. Young, K. M. (2012) but in my own personal opinion I loud have to say that from where we started and where we have come is a long way I believe that the passing of the Patient Protection and Affordable care act of 2010 will prove to be successful and provide people with the insurance as well as the care that they need and deserve. I would like to now discuss how another countrys health care system is compared to that of the U. S we are going to talk about Canada, I have done a search and found that Canadas healthcare system is made up of groups of socialized health insurance plans that provides coverage to all Canadian citizens. Under the healthcare system citizens are provided preventive care, medical treatments from a primary care physician, as well as access to hospitals. All Canadian citizens qualify for health insurance coverage regardless of their prior medical history, income, or even their way of living. With this amazing medical coverage it is shown that Canada has one of the highest life expectancies and one of the lowest infant death rates. Although everyone is covered through the Canadian system by no means does it mean that it is free we know that in this world nothing is free because he funds would have to come from somewhere because in order to be a successful business or a professional provider hospitals and doctors need to paid from somewhere. We know that is funded by both the provincial and federal levels, the financing of healthcare is provided via taxation from both corporate and personal income taxes. (Canadian-healthcare. Org 2004-2007) Even though the U. S healthcare system has come a long way I can say that it will never rank with the Canadian healthcare system because in Canada people are covered no matter what from birth until death it is said that under Obama care 31 Million Americans will still be uninsured, I believe that in my own personal opinion that the US healthcare system will not be fixed overnight this type of problem which is one of the biggest that America has ever seen has been around for decades and in order for these issues and problems to be solved the US will need time to go through everything and get people the help that they need, Some people say that the US will not provide people with insurance because they cannot afford it and I have to say that this is false because the government helps people out with Medicare and Medicaid for elderly people who no longer can work and people who are poor. Although they cannot help every poor person they are trying their best to make it better, I know a girl who got fired f rom her Job and signed up for Obama care she pays very little for coverage for her 3 person household I know that they are willing to help in any way that they can and they also help people find coverage without breaking their bank accounts. We will talk about the major stakeholders that are involved in the healthcare industry although the list goes on and on we will talk about the more important ones in this assay. We know that first and foremost among the stakeholders are the patients we the patients are the backbone to the industry because we are the ones who consume the services, with that being said many patients are concerned by issues of costs and quality of the services being provided and the patients who are uninsured and influential role and are one of the Major stakeholders in the healthcare industry not only because they are paying for a high proportion of the costs but because they are taking on more proactive roles in determining what those costs should be. The latherer providers which could range from doctors, surgeons, to dentists are the core of the industry and have the most to do with the actual process and the outcomes with the service that they are providing the service that they provider are done at hospitals and other healthcare facilities. Federal and state governments are also considered to be major stakeholders in healthcare they have been dominant authorities the government not only serves as payers but they also serve as regulators and providers through public hospitals, local health departments, and other facilities. The final stakeholder that I will be discussing is the insurance companies as they have been a major stakeholder for a long time even though we see the traditional plans are rapidly being replaced by managed care plans they still have much to do with the healthcare industry. Cults, H. A. Young, K. M. 2012) While we are on the insurance discussion we have read about how before people were denied coverage bec ause of their preexisting conditions and with the new Obama care in effect insurance companies are no longer allowed to deny a person coverage because of that reason and in my own personal opinion I feel that it should eave always been that way, no person on the planet is perfect we all have issues and health problems at one point in each and every one of our lives we end up sitting in an emergency room so why should we all be treated different. There are so many other stakeholders involved that we didnt discuss and they include: Long term care, mental health, volunteer agencies and facilities, health professional education and training, health industry organizations, research facilities and alternative therapies. Cults, H. A. Young, K. M. (2012) The Patient protection and affordable care act was signed by President Bark Obama in March, 2010 the law puts in place comprehensive health insurance reforms that rolled out over the past four years. As of 2014 all Americans have access to affordable health insurance people who are considered to middle or low income families will receive tax credits that cover a significant portion of their cost of coverage. The Affordable care Act will allow millions of Americans to gain coverage. The law implements strong reforms that prohibit insurance companies from refusing to sell coverage or renew policies based on an individuals pre-existing condition. The law also prohibits new plans and existing group plans from imposing annual dollar limits on the coverage they receive. Insurers will also be prohibited from dropping or limiting coverage if the individual participated in clinical trials. Starting in 2014 Americans will be able to purchase their insurance through the marketplace. Americans who earn less than 133% of the poverty level which individuals would be around 14,000 and 29,000 for a family of four will be eligible to enroll in Medicaid states will receive 100% federal funding for the first three years and 90 percent in the years that follow. (has. Gob, 2014) I know that we are all hoping for the best when it comes to the future of healthcare myself being a person who went uninsured for years and years because I feared that I couldnt afford coverage, and every Job I had lead me to a dead end, I feared going to hospitals or even dentists and ended up letting my health deteriorate. I am hoping long and happy life. I Just know that with the P. P. A. C. A it will bring a lot of people relief knowing that there is some light at the end of the tunnel because I know that I am not alone when it comes to denying myself healthcare because of the cost. When I was 18 1 was kicked off my mothers health insurance it made it hard for me because I needed to see a doctor, since being kicked off I have put my own medical issues to the side I have been diagnosed with a heart condition known as MAP or Material Valve Prolapsed I went to the ERE thinking I was having a heart attack I was only 23 years old, I was notified with what I had and have never had a follow up because I know I simply just cannot afford it. I know how to treat the pain myself but I know that I need to go see a professional. For being only 27 years old I have many health issues that I wouldnt have at my age but I know that whatever life throws at me I will be able to handle it. I am very grateful for the new Obama Care act because I am finally able to get coverage that I need to get my health on the right track. I would have to say that with everything that I have learned over the last five weeks in this course my recommendations for patients would be to go and get coverage, there is coverage available and I wouldnt recommend waiting any longer it is not worth your health to sit around and do nothing because it might be too late. My recommendations to capitals would be to make your patients feel more welcomed even if they are uninsured and undesired they are people and deserve the same care and attention as any other person we all get sick we all need treatment. To the providers I have to recommend that you provide the same treatment to each and every person who walks through the door Just because they cannot necessarily afford it doesnt mean they dont deserve it. To the government I would recommend that you make sure you help the people who truly need it help people who are not able to help themselves, I know that the government is trying to get people the help that the need UT in my own personal opinion I believe that something should have been done a long time ago. I hope that they dont stop here they need to keep going and never give up we need to have a strong support system and we need something to believe in. We have covered everything there is to know in this essay we have talked about the history of the problem with healthcare in the U. S and how it dated back to the great depression era, We have discussed the issue surrounding the uninsured and undesired population, we have talked about how healthcare differs in Canada compared to the healthcare in the US, we have went over what stakeholders are involved as well as the roles each stakeholder plays in the healthcare system, we have discussed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and what it entails, as well as providing my own personal recommendations. I know that healthcare is changing and believe that it is for the better good of everyone. I would like to say that I have enjoyed this course and have enjoyed getting to know about the Healthcare system.

AIDS Social Workers

Looks at the dangers, relationships with clients, treatment, socioeconomics, diagnosis, at-risk behavior, prevention, and public perceptions. This paper is an examination of the problems that the rising epidemic of HIV infection and AIDS poses to social workers, both as a direct issue in providing service to infected clients and as an indirect part of the overall job of social work. The prevalence of this devastating illness has had a profound effect on society as a whole. The consequences for social workers, however, are even greater, since the field services many of the patients most profoundly affected, either those who are suffering from advanced stages of the disease or those who are closely involved with the ailing. In order to provide the most effective service possible, social workers need to understand the stages of HIV and AIDS, the most current medical understanding of the ways in which HIV can be transmitted, some of the current treatments, and funding and other resources that are available to diagnosed.

Philosophy and Social Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy and Social Justice - Essay Example According to the report findings unemployment usually happens when employers do not give a chance to people who are mere undergraduates to prove themselves at work, or when there is no one who y helps others get a job. A just society is not one where people would only selfishly think that each one should struggle for himself. A just society is where people struggle not only for themselves but for others as well. Lastly, racism only exists if there is a selfish view that one’s race is more superior to another. In short, the just society that I imagine is one without selfishness.As the discussion stresses the philosophy of Confucius is the means to achieve my idea of a just society. According to Confucius, â€Å"If [the people] be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of honor and respect, and moreover will become good†.  This philosophy known as ethical humanism is one where what is being drawn out is the natural kindness in people. This philosophy is based on the idea of Ren, â€Å"a humane principle rooted in empathy and feeling for others†.   This means that society operates by learning the rules of propriety. If such rules are learned, what happens is that the people who learn these rules naturally develop honor and respect for themselves and for each other.  If this philosophy of Confucius is taught to and instilled in the youth of the society, this society will most likely become what is ideally just.

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Marketing Plan - Essay Example General Motors (GM) is a USA based organization that started its business 100 years back in 1908. It is 18th largest business corporate entity in the world having assembly plants in more than 30 countries across the globe. It has sales network of cars and trucks in around 140 countries. It provides direct employment to over 200,000 personnel. Whereas, a majority of people are indirectly associated with its dealers and GMAC, which provides insurance and financial services to the suppliers, distributors, private and commercial customers of General Motors. It is operational in North America, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, Africa and Middle East. The major European countries where General Motors has strong sales network are Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, France, Spain and Ukraine. Chevrolet, Cadillac, GM Daewoo, Buick, â€Å"Opel, Vauxhall and Saab (Europe), Saturn, Hummer, Pontiac, Wuling and Holden are among the major brands th at Company is offering to its clients. In Europe, GM has been offering Saab in Sweden, whereas it offers Opel and Vauxhall brands in France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain and others. As far as GM’s strategic situation is concerned, it must be highlighted that GM previously planned to sell its European Operations in 2009 after huge losses it incurred due to uncertain business conditions but then rejected the offers of some buyers or corporations such as ‘Magna’ that were interested in purchasing General Motors majority stake. Since then the company has performed relatively better (Company’s report, 2009) As revealed by the managers at General Motors, the automobile manufacturer has a vision to produce top quality premium products for its different market segments all across the world. The company has a mission to sustain its market share by constant innovation and development and to get the most out of available business opportunities in home

The Illustrated History Essay Example for Free

The Illustrated History Essay the name of Christendom and sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church against pagans, heretics and Muslims. The campaigns were accordingly religious in nature with the aim of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims. Madden though has given us an alternative examination on another possible and logical reason for the occurrence which is the search of wealth. A noble crusader would gladly risk his life and go to war if he believes that the fight is noble, true and greater than them (Madden, p. 13). For many, the sincere love of God could bring men to fight horrible wars A unprovoked Holy War against the Muslims became an acceptable idea when the concept of a unified Christian Kingdom under the Papal guidance evolved. The political concept that incorporated religion and belief was also hatched with another purposeful interest over the surrounding lands of Christ’s birthplace which was considered a valuable relic for the Christians. This was made plausible after the Arab empire under the Umayyads captured North Africa, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Spain from the foothold of the Byzantine Empire of the 8th century (Setton, 1958). An ideological concept was formed to recapture the lands lost to the Muslims which picked up potency after Spanish Kingdoms began to mobilize knights, armies and mercenaries across Europe to fight against the Muslims. Another idea which formed part of the reasons for the war was the success of the European forces against the Moorish caliphate at Cordoba little Muslim kingdoms arose in the region; they were subdued by the Normans. In effect, Europe was left with a stable class of warriors without a bloody war to fight and had little to do but cause havoc amongst them. 2) Discuss the First Crusade. Who were the principal players? Briefly describe what happened. What were the results of the First Crusade? The First Crusade which started sometime in 1095 was initiated by Alexius I call for help against the Seljuk Turks at the Council of Clermont (Arbor, 2004, p. 224). Under the guise of penance and pardon for sins, Pope Urban II called upon all Christians to fight a war against the Turks. The defeat of two Turkish armies in Dorylaeum and Antioch allowed the crusaders to march to Jerusalem half of their original men, dead or missing. The war ended in 1099 after and assault and massacre of Jerusalem’s population that were notably followed by less notable conquests (Runciman, 1952). Interestingly, the First Crusade was considered of the main reason for the Western power after its first and only capture of Jerusalem. The defeat of the Byzantine Empire in the East in the hands of the Seljuk Turks provided a substantial plan for assault against the Muslims. Although the Byzantine Empire followed a separate Orthodox religion, they did face many enemies including the Seljuks. Madden provided that the Turkish threat allowed the Protestants to flourish (Madden, p. 209). The empire was soon incorporated into the Great Seljuk territory. Alexius I saw a way to work with the Fatimids of Palestine and Egypt and advised the crusader to work with them believing that their sole purpose was to recapture Syria alone. Belatedly they sent their armies only after the crusaders were already in Jerusalem. The First Crusade brought forth a mass and organized violence of anti-Semitism that was existent in Europe for several centuries against the Jews. The German army was led by Gottschalk, Volkmar, and Emicho which proceeded to the Rhine valley and according to Riley-Smith (1986, p. 50) was the first Holocaust. Some preachers enhanced the idea that Jews and Muslims were enemies of Christ and should be converted to Christianity or die as an enemy. In some parts of France and Germany, Jews were blamed for Christ’s crucifixion for their immediate visibility than the Muslims. The Jews were massacred justified by Pope Urban’s speech at Clermont that promised reward from God for killing non-Christians and Muslims (Runciman, 1952). Later in 1096, a band of nobles and knights from different regions of Europe significantly led by Raymond IV of Toulouse, Adhemar of Le Puy; Bohemund of Taranto with his nephew Tancred, the Lorrainers under the brothers Godfrey of Bouillon, Eustace and Baldwin of Boulogne and Count Robert II of Flanders, Robert of Normandy, Stephen, Count of Blois, and Hugh of Vermandois the younger brother of King Philip I of France marched towards Jerusalem in December 1096. Along the way, they encountered machinations led by Byzantine Alexius who provided them with provisions if they return any land to him that was recovered from the Turks. With this in motion, Alexius agreed to send out a Byzantine army to accompany the crusaders through Asia Minor. After a lengthy siege in Nicaea, under Kilij Arslan I the crusaders won yet Alexius feared the crusaders sacking Nicea and destroying its wealth and secretly accepted the surrender of the city. In their march to Dorylaeum, Godfrey broke the Turkish lines and defeated the Turks and looted their camp. This enabled Kilij Arslan to withdraw and the crusaders marched unopposed through Asia Minor towards Antioch. Antioch was so large that the crusaders did not have enough troops to fully surround it. Since Bohemund wanted the city for himself, he bribed an Armenian guard to surrender his tower where the crusaders entered the city and killed most of the inhabitants. A monk psychologically renewed the gist of the fight claiming a Holy Lance was found thus providing for them a sign that they would be victorious. Personal ambition later paved the way for arguments that deviously disclaimed any allegiance to an oath before Alexius I. A plague which killed many and the refusal of the Muslims to give food to the crusaders recounted incidents of cannibalism. Baldwin of Boulogne though went on his own towards the Armenian lands around Euphrates and was adopted as heir by King Thoros, a Greek Orthodox ruler who was soon assassinated and Baldwin became the new ruler. This paved way for the County of Edessa, to be the first of the crusader states in Runciman (1952). The crusaders finally reached Jerusalem in May and put the city in a lengthy siege. Seven days later, the crusaders murdered almost every inhabitant of Jerusalem. Godfrey of Bouillon was made Protector of the Holy Sepulchre and refused to wear a crown. He also led an army of an invading Fatimid army at the Battle of Ascalon and was succeeded by his brother, Baldwin of Edessa who became â€Å"King of Jerusalem†. 3) Examine the Second Crusade. Explain the rise of Saladin. Why was he successful against European armies? The Second Crusade was marked as a response to the Fall of Edessa. Pope Eugene III with the European monarchs like Louis VII of France, Conrad III of Germany along with their army marched across Europe. Although they were defeated by the Seljuk Turks, they reached Jerusalem in 1148 an attacked Damascus. Jerusalem was recaptured by the Muslims. What failures the crusaders faced in Jerusalem were compensated by their efforts in converting people to Christianity. The Second Crusade however attracted popular figures such as Eleanor of Aquitaine, the Queen of France, Thierry of Alsace Count of Flanders; Henry, the future Count of Champagne; Louis’ brother Robert I of Dreux; Alphonse I of Toulouse; William II of Nevers; William de Warenne, Earl of Surrey; Hugh VII of Lusignan and numerous other nobles and bishops (Runciman; 1952). This was made possible after St. Bernard preached its importance to the people. However, the relations within the Crusade were poor and were faced with conflict. Complaints of plunder happened along the way while treachery and political aspirations summed up the greedy endeavors of nobles. King Baldwin III and the Knights Templar made Damascus their prime target where they all met in Acre on June 24 attended by Conrad, Otto, Henry II of Austria, future emperor Frederick I Barbarossa , William V of Montferrat of the Holy Roman Empire; Louis, Alphonse’s son Bertrand, Thierry of Alsace, and various other ecclesiastical and secular lords. Jerusalem King Baldwin, Queen Melisende, Patriarch Fulk, Robert of Craon as the Master of the Knights Templar, Raymond du Puy de Provence as Master of the Knights Hospitaller were among those present (Runciman, 1952). No one from Antioch, Tripoli, or the former County of Edessa attended. The crusaders then attacked Damascus from the west. Yet, the Muslims were prepared for the attack after the crusaders managed to fight their way through and chase the defenders back . Damascus had sought help from Saif ad-Din Ghazi I of Aleppo and Nur ad-Din of Mosul, who led an unsuccessful attack on the crusader camp. The Muslim camps also did not trust one another and the crusaders could not agree about who would receive the city if they captured it. Wrongful calculations made some tactical errors in their moves which later forced them to retreat back to Jerusalem. The siege of Damascus was disastrous for Jerusalem and the city was handed over to Nur ad-Din in 1154. Baldwin III seized Ascalon in 1153 and created conflicts with Egypt. Relations with the Byzantine Empire were rare after the disaster of the Second Crusade. In 1171, Saladin, a nephew of one of Nur ad-Dins generals, was proclaimed Sultan of Egypt and united Egypt and Syria which completely surrounded the crusader kingdom. In 1187 Jerusalem surrendered to Saladin. 4) Provide a brief summary of the Third Crusade. How does the rivalry between Phillip II of France and Richard I of England impact the crusading effort? How does the Third Crusade end and what are the consequences? The Third Crusade (c. 1189–1192 in Arbor, P. 224 Timelines) was an attempt by European leaders to regain the Holy Land from Saladin. The Crusade army was destroyed as they laid siege to the city of Tiberias. King Guy and Raynald were brought to Saladin’s tent and Guy was offered a goblet of water. Guy took a drink and Raynald who had not drank water grabbed the goblet from Guy’s hands. Saladin beheaded Raynald for past betrayals and an apparent disrespect for their customs. Saladin had taken Acre and Jerusalem by the end of the year which coincided with Pope Urban III’s death. By 1190, Richard the Lionheart captured Messina and fell out of terms with Philip in Richard’s decision to marry Berengaria of Navarre thereby breaking his long-standing engagement to Philip’s half-sister Alys (Setton, 1958). Philip left Sicily for the Middle East on March 30, 1191, and joined the siege of Acre on May 20. Meanwhile, King Guy who was released from prison by Saladin in 1189 attempted to take command of the Christian forces at Tyre. Conrad of Montferrat who held power there after a successful defense of the city from Muslims made Guy turned his attention to the wealthy port of Acre instead. Receiving aid from Philip’s newly-arrived French army, it was still not enough to subdue Saladin’s force. When Queen Sibylla and her young daughters died, Guy, who was made king by right of marriage tried to retain his crown which was to Sibylla’s half-sister Isabella who later married to Conrad of Montferrat and claimed the kingship in her name. When Richard arrived, Philip and Leopold quarreled over the spoils. The kingship of Jerusalem became a struggle with Philip and Leopold supported Conrad while Richard supporting Guy. Guy would continue to rule with Conrad as the crowned king. Philip and Leopold left the Holy Land in August. Saladin meanwhile was not willing to honor the terms at Acre so Richard had more than 3,000 Muslim prisoners executed on August 20 outside of Acre. On 1191, Richard won the battle against Saladin and was forced to accept Conrad as king of Jerusalem. Before Conrad could be crowned, he was stabbed to death and Richard became a suspect in his death. The arrangement of marrying off Queen Isabella who was pregnant to Henry II of Champagne triggered talks. Saladin suddenly attacked but was recaptured by Richard where they finally agreed that Jerusalem should be left to Muslim rule but allowed Christian pilgrims to visit the city. Richard left the Holy Land and his fleet was struck by a violent storm, carrying his new fiancee Berengaria, and vast amounts of treasure amassed for the crusade (Setton, 1958). Emperor Isaac Dukas Comnenus of Cyprus had held the treasure and despite an agreement to return them to Richard, instead ordered Richard to leave the island. This prompted Richard to conquer the island within days. In December 1192, Richard was arrested and imprisoned by Duke Leopold, for murdering his cousin Conrad of Montferrat and later transferred to the custody of Henry VI. Richard returned to England in 1194 and died after a wound in 1199 at the age of 41 (Setton, 1958). 5) Discuss the Fourth Crusade. Why is it launched? What does the Fourth Crusade accomplish? Often described as the most gainful crusade, the Fourth Crusade was originally designed to conquer Jerusalem through Egypt. Instead, the Eastern Orthodox city of Constantinople proved more alluring. None of the crusaders ever reached the Holy Land and in fact created a wide gap between the Catholics and the Orthodox. Fighting with each other ensued with the Latin Empire facing a number of enemies and the crusade energy dropped as the Latin instilled a sense of betrayal to the Greeks. Their fight for supremacy led to the capture and death of leaders in their own hands and displaying their own lunacy. Ironically, the Greeks thought that the Byzantine civilization centered at the Orthodox faith would be more secure under the Ottomans, and preferred to sacrifice their political freedom in order to preserve the religion. The fourth was the last major crusade directed by the Holy See after bickering led its collapse. 6) Discuss the crusades against other parts of Europe(e. g. the Reconquista, Albigensian, etc. ). What did the Crusaders hope to accomplish? The Pope had authorized a Crusade in Spain and urged the Spaniards to fight the Moors present in their own territory. Many believed though that it was not waged merely for to lessen Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula. It was seen the though rhat most noble births are identified in the relationships between Muslims and Christians. A war on the Iberian Kingdom which was faced with a deep economic crisis would lead to the expulsion of the Jews and confiscate their property. The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade was initiated in 1209 by the Catholics to eliminate the heretics and the religion practicedby the Cathars of Southern France in an effort to extend the Church’s control southwards. Under Pope Gregory IX, the Inquisition gave unlimited power to suppress the heretics that started a ruthless campaign against the Cathars who were caught and burned. The Cathar strongholds gradually fell which ended the last known Cathar burning in Languedoc in 1321. 7) Discuss the later Crusades. How are the achievements of earlier Crusades dismantled? What new powers emerge? What finally defeats the ethos of the Crusades? The various succeeding Crusades presented a struggle for a supreme cause like the fifth which attempted to formulate a recovery of the Holy Land in 1215 joined by forces from Hungary and Austria that led to the destruction of the Nile in Egypt. The 6th Crusade of Emperor Frederick II met some success that delivered Jerusalem, Nazareth and Bethlehem to the Crusaders for ten years. The succeeding 7th crusade was represented by the Templars that came out a failure. While the 8th failed upon the death of Louis IX. Edward I undertook another expedition and accomplished very little in Syria with after a truce. The fall of Antioch in 1268, Tripoli in 1289 and Acre in 1291 marked the last traces of the Christian rule in Syria (Arbor, p. 224). The acts of barbarism and aggression coupled with the tension between church leader and monarchs became a controversy among the nobles. The brutal acts against one another belied the viewpoint of a defensive war against Muslim aggression as the ravages of war returned more benefits for the aggressor. 8) What are the legacies of the Crusades? How did the Crusades advance Western Christianity’s notion of the Kingdom of God (or did not)? The Crusades favorably for the Western culture dramatized their unity under the influence of the Holy See. The military experience drew out a certainty to protect European castles from outside invasion as massive stone structures were erected to surround the castle. It has also opened the European culture to the world and likewise the Middle East to Europe which for sometime Europe frowned upon. In the essence of knighthood and folkloric tales, the Crusades brought a Romantic zest in an otherwise clamor for power and wealth. Scientific advancement brought forth a new experience to speed the advancement in European universities. Economically, the transport of large armies in an otherwise less traveled road saw an increase in profit as colonies engage in trade that brought in unknown variety of spices, ivory, jade, diamonds, food and other Asian crops. Religiously, had it not been for the Crusades, Spain, Portugal, and the Balkans would be a predominantly Muslim country today and Christianity might have been largely replaced by Islam. The Crusades as a religious and righteous campaign to fight for a just cause against the perceived evil was used to actually justify the ambitious efforts of creating a unified control among nations under the guise of religion. 9) Finally, discuss your general impression of the Crusades. Within the context of the Crusades, how do you reconcile the statement `impelled by the love of God` with the actions of those who participated? The unnecessary deaths of many innocent beings under the hands of the Crusaders could not account and explain the apparent disregard for moral teachings of the bible that positively recommend â€Å"love for one another†. As crimes against another is committed to pave way for a religious war which reeks of control and subjugation of the weak we begin to see the hypocritical machinations to use religion as means to get what a group is most likely salivating salivate over. The participants of the Crusades clearly lack the civil capacity to uphold the rights of another being in order to exercise control over him. Work Cited Page Runciman, Steven. A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. London: Cambridge University Press, 1952. Setton, Kenneth. ed. A History of the Crusades, vol. I. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1958. Riley-Smith , Jonathan. The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1986, p. 50. Madden, Thomas F. General Editor. The Crusades: the Illustrated History. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2004.

Shakespeares Othello - The Triangle Between Othello, Iago, and Cassio :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Triangle Between Othello, Iago, and Cassio  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I chose to look at the triangle between Othello , Iago, and Cassio because these three men are very important in the play. They are important to each other and the people around them. The relationship between the three of them is very strange because someone is always trying to get back at the other one and they don’t care about each others feelings or anyone else’s. In the end this leads to a blood shed fight. Othello is the main character, heÕs the head of the Vinician army and he has just made Cassio his Lieutenant. Iago is very upset by this because he wanted to become Lieutenant but what he doesnÕt realize is that in some ways heÕs more important to Othello just without the title. Iago is OthelloÕs right hand man but Iago canÕt take that he wants more. The main problem that IÕve noticed in this play is a lack of communication and trust between the characters. Even though Iago must figure out a way to get get this position as Lieutenant I donÕt think he hateÕs Cassio or Othello. Iago is a very power hungry character and he will do anything and hurt anyone to get what he wants. Iago just canÕt understand how he could be chosen over someone who is very naive, but he never even asked Othello why he wasnÕt chosen as Lieutenant. Maybe Othello had a good reason for not giving him that position and he may have had another position waiting for Iago. Being in this situation leaves Iago to be jealous of Cassio and very angry with Othello, and the question WHY? ( But Iago never asks this question) Othello is a very strong will and minded character but also very naive in believing everything that Iago tells him. His other weakness is the love he has for his wife Desdemona. Othello being head of an army, I would assume would not be so gullible to believe everything he hears. But then you also have to look at who its coming from his Ã’right hand manÓ , but even so wouldnÕt you search around and try to find out for yourself whether or not all these accusations are true. Othello trusts Iago to much and doesnÕt really think for himself, he automatically believes in Iago which gives Iago even more power and control over his mind.

Apollo 11 Mission – Paper

Mission Robert Marino October 24, 2010 I. Introduction and Thesis Apollo 11 departed from Cape Kennedy, Florida Complex-39 at 9:32a. m. on July 16, 1969. The Lunar Module named Eagle landed in the Sea Tranquility at 4:18 p. m. EDT. The mission was simple: put a man on the Moon and return. The mission was a great success and the command and service module Columbia returned back to Earth on July 24, 1969 at 12:50:35 p. m. Neil Alden Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the Lunar Surface and Edwin E. â€Å"Buzz† Aldrin was the second, because of this mission we have a better understanding of the Moon. NASA, n. d. ). II. Lunar Mission a) Perform a manned lunar mission and return safely to Earth. b) â€Å"During their stay on the Moon, the astronauts setup scientific experiments, took photographs and took lunar samples. (Greyzeck, 2010). † III.Apollo 11 Discoveries a) Apollo 11 mission was full of scientific activities. b) â€Å"The astronauts carried out the planned sequence of activities that included deployment of a Solar Wind Composition (SWC) experiment, collection of a larger sample of lunar material, panoramic photographs of the region near the anding site and the lunar horizon, close up photographs of in place lunar surface material, deployment of a Laser-Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR) and a Passive Seismic Experiment Package (PSEP), and collection of two core-tube samples of the lunar surface. (NASA. n. d. ). † c) Lunar Dust Detector IV. Apollo Mission Broadcast a) â€Å"Apollo 11 was recorded at three tracking stations on Earth in Goldstone, California, Honeysuckle Creek, and Parkes in Australia. (Leonard, 2010). † V. Conclusion a) Apollo 11 was a major accomplishment is the history of space exploration for theUnited States. Apollo 11 departed from Cape Kennedy, Florida Complex-39 at 9:32a. m. on July 16, 1969. The Lunar Module named Eagle landed in the Sea of Tranquility at 4:18 p. m. EDT. The mission was simple: put a man on the Moon and return. The mission was a great success and the command and service module Columbia returned back to Earth on July 24, 1969 at 12:50:35 p. m. Neil Alden Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the Lunar Surface and Edwin E. â€Å"Buzz† Aldrin was the second, because of this mission we have a better understanding of the Moon. (NASA, n. d. ).The mission to the moon was not just about getting there and putting a man on the surface but was also about collecting scientific data and returning safely to earth. â€Å"Six hours after landing at 4:17 p. m. EDT, Neil A. Armstrong took the â€Å"Small Step† into our greater future when he stepped off the Lunar Module, named â€Å"Eagle,† onto the surface of the Moon, from which he could look up and see Earth in the heavens as no one had done before him. (NASA, 2002). â€Å"During their stay on the Moon, the astronauts set up scientific experiments, took photographs, and collected lunar samples (Greyzec k, 2010). Apollo 11 was the first mission where man walked on the moon and came back to Earth. The Apollo 11 mission’s spacecraft was named the Command and Service Module (CSM). It was made of two distinct units, the Command Module (CM), which housed the crew, the spacecraft operations systems, and held the re-entry equipment. The other unit was the Service Module (SM) which was what carried most of the consumables, which are, oxygen, water, helium, fuel cells, and fuel. It also held the main propulsion system(Greyzeck, 2010). The Apollo 11 mission was a mission full of scientific activities.The Apollo mission carried back 46 pounds of Lunar Rock along with other lunar soil samples. â€Å"The astronauts carried out the planned sequence of activities that included deployment of a Solar Wind Composition (SWC) experiment, collection of a larger sample of lunar material, panoramic photographs of the region near the landing site and the lunar horizon, close-up photographs of in p lace lunar surface material, deployment of a Laser-Ranging Retroreflector (LRRR) and a Passive Seismic Experiment Package (PSEP), and collection of two core-tube samples of the lunar surface. NASA Top, 2003) (NASA. n. d. )†. â€Å"One of the major surprises from study of the record of neon from the sun in lunar soil samples was evidence for two solar gas components with distinct isotopic compositions. ( Nevills, 2007). † There were many lunar samples brought back on the Apollo mission, of the samples two of them were basalts and breccias. Basalts are solidified rock from molten lava. Basalts were found at the Eagle landing site and are approximately 3. 6 to 3. 9 billion years old. Breccias are rocks that have been broken up and formed back together in different forms.The moon is changing due to the fact that it is being hit by meteors and breccias are constantly changing and forming. Many volcanic regions on earth have breccias. (Lunar and Planetary Institute, 2010). â €Å"Prior to the Apollo landings, it was thought that there would be a heavy dust layer deposited on the experiment packages during Lunar Module ascent and possibly from other long term sources. This experiment was designed to measure this dust layer deposition and was performed on Apollo 11, 12, 14, and 15.On Apollo 11, it was attached to the passive Seismic Experiment and measured the power output from a set of solar cells. The dust accumulation proved to be much lower than expected, and the results from this experiment were also used to monitor the long term degradation of solar cells from radiation and thermal effects. This was considered to be engineering rather than a scientific experiment. † (Lunar and Planetary, 2010). One of the advancement from the Apollo 11 mission was the ability to watch a satellite broadcast from space on live television.One of the difficulties of live lunar feed was that the signal NASA was trying to read came from Galileo spacecraft, and was s upposed to have been transmitted by a big satellite. The plan was that NASA had large radio antennas to capture live feed. The radio antennas were stationed at Goldstone and Honeysuckle Creek. When it came time to receive the signal the radio antennas were on the wrong side of the earth. (Technology Television, 2010). The rush was on to figure out how to broadcast the lunar event.The engineers figured out that they need to send the signal to smaller antennas and then from those smaller antennas feed the rest of the United States. The problem was that these antennas were not capable of receiving a weak signal, so the engineers decided to reduce the signal from the MFSN station, so it could pick up the signal to send to the television. The problem with doing that was it created poor signal quality unlike it would have been with the satellite they had powered by batteries on the moon.What needed to be done was the engineers had to keep the minimum required power on the radio transmitte rs so that it did no weaken the batteries too quickly. Another problem arose with the weak signal; it was not compatible with the ground equipment. To combat this problem MSFN needed to convert the signal so the picture on the televisions was in the right size and quality. The final solution was to record the event with a camera and feed the broadcast to the United States. (Technology Television, 2010). The crew of Apollo 11 returned to earth on July, 24 1969 at 12:50:35 p. m. EDT and was picked up by the recovery ship U.S. S Hornet in the Pacific Ocean. The three Apollo 11 astronauts were kept in what is called a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) until August 10th to make sure that they did not bring back any unknown bacteria from the moon. Apollo 11 was a major accomplishment is the history of space exploration for the United States. Reference Grayzeck, E. (2010, July/August 23). Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM). In Apollo 11, Retrieved from http://nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov/ nmc/masterCatalog. do? sc=1969-059A Lunar and Planetary Institute. (2010). Apollo 11 Mission. Retrieved August 22, 2010, from http://www. pi. usra. edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/samples/ NASA. (n. d. ). Mission Summary. In Apollo 11. Retrieved from http://www. nasm. si. edu/collections/imagery/apollo/as11/a11sum. htm Nevills, A. (2007, November/December 23). Genesis Findings Solve Apollo Lunar Soil Mystery. In Apollo 11. Retrieved from http://www. nasa. gov/mission_pages/genesis/media/ Technology Television Quality. (n. d. ). Clavius. Retrieved September 5, 2010, from http://www. clavius. org/tvqual. html Leonard, D. (2006) Tale of the TV Tapes: Apollo 11 Mission Archive Mystery Unspools. Retrieved from http://www. space. com

The Skipper in the Canterbury Tales

The Skipper The appearance and behavior of a character are extremely important. Whether it is in a movie or in literature physical description can say a lot. In the Canterbury Tales, the skipper had brown tanned skin and was the stout, fearless type. He was not one to be fooled with. He, in fact, was a tough and smart sailor. To cast his role today, a great choice would be Johnny Depp. The Skipper’s physical traits are brief, but say a lot.He wears a woolen gown that reaches his knees, has brown tanned skin, and most importantly has a dagger on a lanyard hanging from around his neck. The reason why the dagger is so important is because it shows that he is tough and fearless. It is almost like a symbol of power. The picture created is of a stout, strong, tough man. Johnny Depp is the first person to come to mind perhaps because of his history with the Pirates of the Caribbean movie series and his brown tanned skin.Behavior speaks louder than appearance in most cases. The skippe r’s behavior was unmerciful. He gave no mercy to the loser’s of fights and immediately made them walk the plank. In Chaucer’s words, he ignored the nicer rules of conscience. In spite of this, the skipper is very smart and a great navigator, which gives the reader the sense that he is also a leader. Johnny Depp has a history of playing roles that blend toughness, intelligence, and leadership which would make him ideal for this role.The characteristics of appearance and behavior reveal many pros and cons about the skipper. Although he was unmerciful, he was smart. Despite being unkind, he was a good leader. I personally believe that he would have been a good mentor as long as one could get on his good side. In modern times he reminds me of the actor I chose to play him, Johnny Depp. I think Chaucer wanted us to know exactly what I just explained. The skipper was a tough, unkind man, but he was very smart and was a great leader.

The Joy Luck Club Quotes

'The Joy Luck Club' Quotes Amy Tan is best-known for The Joy Luck Club, a collection of vignettes  meant to show how our lives are shaped by the stories we tell. Set in China and the United States, the stories cross the generational divideas mothers and daughters attempt to come to terms with family history, relationships, and that connections between family and nations that are so hard to forge. Here are a few quotes from The Joy Luck Club. Over the years, she told me the same story, except for the ending, which grew darker, casting long shadows into her life, and eventually into mine.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 1Your father is not my first husband. You are not those babies.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 1Even though I was young, I could see the pain of the flesh and the worth of the pain.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 2I was no longer scared. I could see what was inside me.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 3After the gold was removed from my body I felt lighter, more free. They say this is what happens if you lack metal. You begin to think as an independent person.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 3For woman is yin, the darkness within, where untempered passions lie. And man is yang, bright truth lighting our minds.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 4Why do you have to use me to show off? If you want to show off, then why dont you learn to play chess.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 5This house was built to o steep, and a bad wind from the top blows all your strength back down the hill. So you can never get ahead. You are always rolling backward.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 6 I discovered that maybe it was fate all along, that faith was just an illusion that somehow youre in control.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 7My mother had a look on her face that Ill never forget. It was one of complete despair and horror, for losing Bing, for being so foolish as to think she could use faith to change fate.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 7I had new thoughts, willful thoughts, or rather thoughts filled with lots of wonts. I wont let her change me, I promised myself. I wont be what Im not.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 8I was determined to put a stop to her foolish pride.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 8Only two kind of daughters. Those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind! Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter!- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 8I began to look at all events and all things as relevant, an opportunity to take or avoid.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 9And I remember wondering why it was that eatin g something good could make me feel so terrible, while vomiting something terrible could make me feel so good.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 9 Now that Im angry at Harold, its hard to remember what was so remarkable about him.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 9You are busy. You want to live like mess what can I say?- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 10I saw what I had been fighting for: it was for me, a scared child.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 10And below the heimongmong, all along the ground, were weeds already spilling out over the edges, running wild in every direction.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 11True, cannot teach style. June not sophisticate like you. Must be born this way.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 12I felt tired and foolish, as if I had been running to escape someone chasing me, only to look behind and discover there was no one there.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 12Then you must teach my daughter this same lesson. How to lose your innocence but not your hope. How to laugh forever.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck ClubIn my mothers case, this would be the first day of the lunar new year. And because it i s the new year, all debts must be paid, or disaster and misfortune will follow.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 13 I have always known a thing before it happens.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 14It is because I had so much joy that I came to have so much hate.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 14I wanted my children to have the best combination: American circumstances and Chinese character. How could I know these things do not mix?- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 15Why are you attracted only to Chinese nonsense?- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 15Look at this face. Do you see my foolish hope?- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 16And now I also see what part of me is Chinese. It is so obvious. It is my family. It is in our blood.- Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club, Ch. 16

Newton's Law Cooling Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Newton's Law Cooling - Lab Report Example ’s law of cooling the change in rate of the object temperature is directly proportional to the ambient temperature and the own temperature difference. Ambient temperature involves that temperature of the environment. The law makes some statement that concerns the instantaneous temperature rate of change. Translating the verbal description into to the differential equation gives a differential equation whose solution is a function which tracks the total temperature record with time. In order to understand the Newton’s law of cooling, an experiment was set to investigate. The room temperature was recorded using a similar thermometer that was used in the experiment. The thermometer was placed the boiling water up to when the reading of the thermometer was about one hundred degrees Celsius. The thermometer was quickly attached to the stand and started counting whenever the temperature reached eighty degrees Celsius. The temperature was read and recorded for the thermometer each and every thirty seconds for duration of five to six minutes. The procedure was repeated to obtain good data set and the average temperature reading recorded on the data sheet. The fan was set to about six to nine inches from the thermometer so that the thermometer bulb is inside the stream of air after the activation of the fan. The thermometer position was observed on the stand for the thermometer to be set on the stand at about the same position as in the previous experiments. The procedure was repeated. The fan was started and set to be low, the procedure was repeated with the fan on. The position of the fan was not changed between the experiments and the thermometer placed on the similar location as per the fans in the experiment. The prior procedure was repeated with the fan on a higher setting. The obtained data was recorded in table 1 and 2 under the result section of this report. According to the obtained results T(t) is the temperature at time t in minutes and T(0)a involves the

Analysis of Information Asymmetry Literature review

Analysis of Information Asymmetry - Literature review Example Owners of the corporations called shareholders, therefore, remain separate from the active management of the organization and managers manage the organization as custodian of the shareholders. However, this creates an issue of agency wherein though managers act as the agents of shareholders, they pursue their own interests. (Sau,2003) The actions of managers, therefore, are assumed to be in direct conflict with the interests of the shareholders. One of the key reasons for this conflict of interest is the availability of and access to information. Since managers are actively involved in the management of any firm, therefore, they possess relatively superior information as compared to outsiders. This, however, can also create corporate failures as shareholders may not be fully aware of the actions of the managers. One way through which both financial and non-financial disclosures can be improved is the effective regulations to make things more transparent. ( Baek, Kim, & Kim, 2008) Inf ormation asymmetry As discussed above, information asymmetry arises when one party to the transaction has superior or more information as compared to other parties to the transaction.  Ã‚   In adverse selection models, it is assumed that one party lacks the understanding and information about a transaction whereas, in moral hazards model, the ignorant party lacks the information about the performance of a transaction. (Chen, Berger, & Li, 2006). Moral Hazards and Agency Problems Information asymmetry becomes important within organizational context due to the agent-principal relationship between the shareholders and managers of the firm. One of the key reasons as to why moral hazards can arise is based upon the notion that if all the actions of employees are not monitored, there are chances that moral hazards may arise. This peculiar situation, therefore, outlines that shareholders may inherently be in a disadvantageous position because of their inability to monitor the actions of managers in an effective and comprehensive manner. (Heath, and Norman, 2004)  Ã‚